Effect of Dietary Patterns on Human Gut Microbiota: a narrative review

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.62827/nb.v23i2.3020

Keywords:

Gastrointestinal microbiome; dietary patterns.

Abstract

Introduction: Diet plays a crucial role in shaping the human gut microbiota (GM), but studies investigating the effects of dietary patterns on the GM are still limited. Objective: This study aimed to review the effects of different dietary patterns on the human GM. Methods: This review included observational and clinical studies published in PubMed/MEDLINE between 2019 and 2023. Results: Initially, 1,148 articles were identified and 12 articles were included. Studies were conducted in various countries, predominantly in the USA (n=3), and most evaluated the effects of the Mediterranean diet (n=3) and vegetarian/vegan diet (n=3). No included study evaluated the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet. The Western diet showed negative effects on the GM, characterized by an increase in Firmicutes bacteria and a reduction in bacterial diversity and richness. These effects are associated with cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases. The low carb diet showed conflicting results among studies. The ketogenic diet appears to be associated with a decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, especially when whey protein or plant proteins are the main protein sources in the diet. Mediterranean and vegetarian/vegan diets had beneficial effects on the GM, mainly associated with high fiber intake from fruits, vegetables, and legumes, leading to a reduction in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, an increase in Akkermansia bacteria, and higher production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Conclusion: Dietary pattern exerts distinct effects on the GM, influencing bacterial richness and diversity differently. Further studies are recommended in this area, including investigation of the DASH diet's impact on the GM.

Author Biographies

  • Mateus Pontes Silva, UFRN

    Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil

  • Thais Alves Cunha, UFRN

    Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil 

  • Karla Mônica Dantas Coutinho, UFRN

    Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil 

  • Lucia Leite Lais, UFRN

    Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil

References

Porticansa P, Bonfrate L, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Farella I, Lanza E, Khalil M, Wang DQ, Sperandio M, Di Ciaula A. Gut Microbiota and Short Chain Fatty Acids: Implications in Glucose Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23(3):1105.

Brauer-Nikonow A, Zimmermann M. How the gut microbiota helps keep us vitaminized. Cell Host Microbe 2022;30(8):1063-1066.

Vilar MD de C, Vale SH de L, Rosado EL, Dourado Júnior MET, Lais LL. Intestinal Microbiota and Sclerosis Lateral Amyotrophic. Rev Ciênc Saúde 2022; 12 (1):3-13.

Ren Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Zhang L, Ren J, Zhang Z, Chen B, Zhang K, Zhu B, Liu W, Li S, Li X. Lifestyle patterns influence the composition of the gut microbiome in a healthy Chinese population. Sci Rep 2023;13(1):14425.

Suárez-Martínez C, Santaella-Pascual M, Yagüe-Guirao G, Martínez-Graciá C. Infant gut microbiota colonization: influence of prenatal and postnatal factors, focusing on diet. Front Microbiol 2023;14:1236254.

Álvarez J, Fernández Real JM, Guarner F, Gueimonde M, Rodríguez JM, Saenz de Pipaon M, Sanz Y. Gut microbes and health. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;44(7):519-535.

Mariat D, Firmesse O, Levenez F, Guimarăes V, Sokol H, Doré J, Corthier G, Furet JP. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age. BMC Microbiol 2009;9:123.

Vernocchi P, Del Chierico F, Putignani L. Gut Microbiota Metabolism and Interaction with Food Components. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(10):3688.

Nova E, Gómez-Martinez S, González-Soltero R. The Influence of Dietary Factors on the Gut Microbiota. Microorganisms. 2022;10(7):1368.

Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med 2009;6(7):e1000097.

Ismael S, Silvestre MP, Vasques M, Araújo JR, Morais J, Duarte MI, Pestana D, Faria A, Pereira-Leal JB, Vaz J, Ribeiro P, Teixeira D, Marques C, Calhau C. A Pilot Study on the Metabolic Impact of Mediterranean Diet in Type 2 Diabetes: Is Gut Microbiota the Key? Nutrients 2021;13(4):1228.

Wang Y, Ye X, Ding D, LuY. Characteristics of the intestinal flora in patients with peripheral neuropathy associated with type 2 diabetes. J Int Med Res 2020 Sep;48(9):300060520936806.

Choo JM, Murphy KJ, Wade AT, Wang Y, Bracci EL, Davis CR, Dyer KA, Woodman RJ, Hodgson JM, Rogers GB. Interactions between mediterranean diet supplemented with dairy foods and the gut microbiota influence cardiovascular health in an australian population. Nutrients 2023;15(16):3645.

Devriese S, Eeckhaut V, Geirnaert A, Bossche LV den, Hindryckx P, Wiele TV de, Immerseel FV, Ducatelle R, De Vos M, Laukens D. Reduced Mucosa-associated Butyricicoccus Activity in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis Correlates with Aberrant Claudin-1 Expression. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11(2):229-236.

Gomez-Arango LF, Barrett HL, Wilkinson SA, Callaway LK, McIntyre HD, Morrison M, Nitert MD. Low dietary fiber intake increases Collinsella abundance in the gut microbiota of overweight and obese pregnant women. Gut Microbes 2018;9(3):189-201.

Karlsson FH, Fåk F, Nookaew I, Tremaroli V, Fagerberg B, Petranovic D, Bäckhed F, Nielsen J. Symptomatic atherosclerosis is associated with an altered gut metagenome. Nat Commun 2012;3:1245.

Barber C, Mego M, Sabater C, Vallejo F, Bendezu RA, Masihy M, Guarner F, Espín JC, Margolles A, Azpiroz F. Differential Effects of Western and Mediterranean-Type Diets on Gut Microbiota: A Metagenomics and Metabolomics Approach. Nutrients 2021;13(8):2638.

Malinowska AM, Kok DE, Steegenga WT, Hooiveld GJEJ, Chmurzynska A. Human gut microbiota composition and its predicted functional properties in people with western and healthy dietary patterns. Eur J Nutr 2022;61(8):3887-3903.

Molendijk I, van der Marel S, Maljaars PWJ. Towards a Food Pharmacy: Immunologic Modulation through Diet. Nutrients 2019;11(6):1239.

Tindall AM, McLimans CJ, Petersen KS, Kris-Etherton PM, Lamendella R. Walnuts and Vegetable Oils Containing Oleic Acid Differentially Affect the Gut Microbiota and Associations with Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Follow-up of a Randomized, Controlled, Feeding Trial in Adults at Risk for Cardiovascular Disease. J Nutr 2020;150(4):806-817.

García-Montero C, Fraile-Martínez O, Gómez-Lahoz AM, Pekarek L, Castellanos AJ, Noguerales-Fraguas F, Coca S, Guijarro LG, García-Honduvilla N, Asúnsolo A, Sanchez-Trujillo L, Lahera G, Bujan J, Monserrat J, Álvarez-Mon M, Álvarez-Mon M, Ortega MA. Nutritional Components in Western Diet Versus Mediterranean Diet at the Gut Microbiota-Immune System Interplay. Implications for Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021;13(2):699.

Martín-Peláez S, Fito M, Castaner O. Mediterranean Diet Effects on Type 2 Diabetes Prevention, Disease Progression, and Related Mechanisms. A Review. Nutrients 2020;12(8):2236.

Ren M, Zhang H, QI J, Hu A, Jiang Q, Hou Y, Feng Q, Ojo O, Wang X. An Almond-Based Low Carbohydrate Diet Improves Depression and Glycometabolism in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes through Modulating Gut Microbiota and GLP-1: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020;12(10):3036.

Dhillon J, Li Z, Ortiz RM. Almond Snacking for 8 wk Increases Alpha-Diversity of the Gastrointestinal Microbiome and Decreases Bacteroides fragilis Abundance Compared with an Isocaloric Snack in College Freshmen. Curr Dev Nutr 2019;3(8):nzz079.

Fragiadakis GK, Wastykh C, Robinson JL, Sonnenburg ED, Sonnenburg JL, Gardner CD. Long-term dietary intervention reveals resilience of the gut microbiota despite changes in diet and weight. Am J Clin Nutr 2020;111(6):1127-1136.

Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis TD. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 2011;334(6052):105-8.

Bolla AM, Caretto A, Laurenzi A, Scavini M, Piemonti L. Low-Carb and Ketogenic Diets in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2019;11(5):962.

Basciani S, Camajani E, Contini S, Persichetti, Risi R, Bertoldi L, Strigari L, Prossomariti G, Watanabe M, Mariani S, Lubrano C, Genco A, Spera G, Gnessi L. Very-low-calorie ketogenic diets with whey, vegetable, or animal protein in patients with obesity: A Randomized Pilot Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020;105(9).

Zhang Y, Zhou S, Zhou Y, Yu L, Zhang L, Wang Y. Altered gut microbiome composition in children with refractory epilepsy after ketogenic diet. Epilepsy Res 2018;145:163-168.

Nakamura K, Hagihara K, Nagai N, Egashira R, Takeuchi M, Nakano M, Saito H, Moriguchi M, Tonari S, Watanabe S, Miyake A, Ashida K. Ketogenic Effects of Multiple Doses of a Medium Chain Triglycerides Enriched Ketogenic Formula in Healthy Men under the Ketogenic Diet: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients 2022;14(6):1199.

Gong X, Cai Q, Liu X, An D, Zhou D, Luo R, Peng R, Hong Z. Gut flora and metabolism are altered in epilepsy and partially restored after ketogenic diets. Microb Pathog 2021;155:104899.

Djekic DSL, Shi L, Brolin H, Carlsson F, Särnqvist C, Savolainen O, Cao Y, Bäckhed F, Tremaroli V, Landberg R, Frøbert O. Effects of a vegetarian diet on cardiometabolic risk factors, gut microbiota, and plasma metabolome in subjects with ischemic heart disease: A randomized, crossover study. J Am Heart Assoc 2020;9(18):e016518.

Sanna S, Van Zuydam NR, Mahajan A, Kurilshikov A, Vila AV, Võsa U, Mujagic Z, Masclee AAM, Jonkers DMAE, Oosting M, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Franke L, Zhernakova A, Fu J, Wijmenga C, McCarthy MI. Causal relationships among the gut microbiome, short-chain fatty acids and metabolic diseases. Nat Genet 2019;51(4):600-605.

Dao MC, Everard A, Aron-Wisnewsky, Sokolovska N, Prifti E, Verger EO, Kayser BD, Levenez F, Chiloux J, Hoyles L, Micro-Obes C, Dumas ME, Rizkalla SW, Dóre J, Cani PD, Clément K. Akkermansia muciniphila and improved metabolic health during a dietary intervention in obesity: relationship with gut microbiome richness and ecology. Gut 2016;65(3):426-36.

Hegelmaier T, Lebbing M, Duscha A, Tomaske L, Tonges L, Holm JB, Nielsen HB, Gatermann SG, Przuntek H, Haghikia A. Interventional influence of the intestinal microbiome through dietary intervention and bowel cleansing might improve motor symptoms in parkinson's disease. Cells 2020;9 (2):376.

Cox LM, Weiner HL. Microbiota Signaling Pathways that Influence Neurologic Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2018;15(1):135-145.

Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R. Are We Really Vastly Outnumbered? Revisiting the Ratio of Bacterial to Host Cells in Humans. Cell 2016;164(3):337-40.

Kahleova H, Rembert E, Alwarith J, Yonas WN, Tura A, Holubkov R, Agnello M, Chutkan R, Barnard ND. Effects of a low-fat vegan diet on gut microbiota in overweight individuals and relationships with body weight, body composition, and insulin sensitivity. A randomized clinical trial. Nutrients 2020;12(10):2917.

Abell GCJ, Cooke CM, Bennett CN, Conlon MA, McOrist AL. Phylotypes related to Ruminococcus bromii are abundant in the large bowel of humans and increase in response to a diet high in resistant starch. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008;66(3):505-15.

Candela M, Biagi E, Soverini M, Consolandi C, Quercia S, Severgnini M, Peano C, Turroni S, Rampelli S, Pozzilli P, Pianesi M, Fallucca F, Brigidi P. Modulation of gut microbiota dysbioses in type 2 diabetic patients by macrobiotic Ma-Pi 2 diet. Br J Nutr 2016;116(1):80-93.

Downloads

Published

2024-08-17

How to Cite

Effect of Dietary Patterns on Human Gut Microbiota: a narrative review. (2024). Nutrição Brasil, 23(2), 863-878. https://doi.org/10.62827/nb.v23i2.3020