Epidemiological profile of live births with microcephaly in Minas Gerais (2021–2025): implications for multiprofessional and physiotherapy care

Abstract

Introduction: Microcephaly is a congenital malformation characterized by a reduction in head circumference relative to values ​​expected for gestational age and sex, reflecting alterations in central nervous system development. Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of live births with microcephaly in the state of Minas Gerais between 2021 and 2025, relating these findings to the role of physical therapy. Methods: This is a quantitative, descriptive ecological study utilizing the Monitoring Panel for Congenital Malformations, Deformities, and Chromosomal Anomalies. Data collection took place in July 2026, covering the 2021–2025 analysis period and examining the following variables: number of live births with microcephaly, maternal age group, type of delivery, and sex of the live births. Results: A total of 116 cases of live births with microcephaly in Minas Gerais were analyzed for the 2021–2025 period. A relatively homogeneous annual distribution was observed, with the highest frequency in 2024 (22.41%), followed by 2022 and 2025 (20.69% each). Regarding maternal age, there was a predominance of cases among mothers aged 20 to 24 years (28.45%), followed by the 35 to 39 age group (21.55%). Concerning the type of delivery, a higher occurrence of Cesarean sections was observed (67.24%), while vaginal deliveries accounted for 32.76% of the records. Sex distribution showed a slight predominance of females (53.45%) compared to males (46.55%). The findings reinforce that microcephaly has a multifactorial etiology—involving genetic, infectious, environmental, and gestational factors—making it impossible to attribute its occurrence to a single epidemiological factor. The concentration of cases within specific maternal age groups must be interpreted in light of the distribution of births by age and the influence of associated factors, such as prenatal conditions, exposure to teratogenic agents, and congenital infections. The high rate of Cesarean sections may be linked to the increased monitoring of high-risk pregnancies and planned deliveries in specialized facilities. In this context, physiotherapy plays a vital role in the care of these children, particularly through early stimulation, the prevention of functional limitations, the promotion of neuropsychomotor development, and the improvement of quality of life. Conclusion: Epidemiological analysis of live births with microcephaly in Minas Gerais between 2021 and 2025 showed a stable number of cases throughout the period, with a predominance among mothers aged 20 to 24, Cesarean deliveries, and a slight female predominance. The results highlight the need to strengthen epidemiological surveillance, improve the quality of prenatal care, and ensure continuous multidisciplinary follow-up. Physiotherapy is fundamental to the comprehensive care of these children, contributing to motor development, functionality, and social inclusion.