Pulmonary Embolism: epidemiological distribution of morbidity in Brazil from 2016 to 2025 and the role of physiotherapy in managing functional impairments

Abstract

Introduction: Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an acute cardiovascular condition characterized by the obstruction of pulmonary arterial circulation, usually resulting from the migration of thrombi originating in the deep venous system. Objective: The epidemiological distribution of hospitalizations for pulmonary embolism in Brazil between 2016 and 2025 was described, and the importance of the physiotherapist's role in managing the functional impairments associated with the condition was discussed. Methods: This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study based on the analysis of secondary data from the Unified Health System's Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS) regarding hospitalizations for pulmonary embolism in Brazil between 2016 and 2025. The variables analyzed were: year of processing, region of residence, age group, race/color, and sex. Data were organized into absolute and relative frequencies, allowing for the characterization of the epidemiological profile of this hospital morbidity. Results: During the analyzed period, 109,864 hospitalizations for pulmonary embolism were recorded in Brazil. An upward trend was observed over the years, with cases rising from 7,881 (7.17%) in 2016 to 15,292 (13.92%) in 2025, despite a slight reduction in 2020—likely related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the demand for and organization of health services. The Southeast region recorded the highest number of hospitalizations (59,131 cases), followed by the South (25,148) and Northeast (14,455) regions, reflecting demographic factors, population density, and the availability of specialized services. Regarding age groups, there was a predominance of elderly individuals, particularly those aged 60–69 (21,243; 19.34%), 70–79 (19,420; 17.68%), and 80 or older (15,099; 13.74%), highlighting the link between aging, the presence of comorbidities, and an increased risk of thromboembolism. In terms of race/ethnicity, the highest frequencies were observed among White (51,684; 47.04%) and Mixed-race (Pardo) (37,261; 33.92%) individuals, with a significant percentage of records lacking this information (13,182; 12.00%). Analysis by sex revealed a female predominance, with 67,057 hospitalizations (61.0%), compared to 42,807 cases among males (39.0%); this may be linked to hormonal factors, women's longer life expectancy, and the population's age distribution. Physiotherapy plays an essential role in the care of patients with pulmonary embolism, particularly through early mobilization, breathing exercises, muscle training, the prevention of physical deconditioning, and cardiorespiratory rehabilitation. These interventions contribute to improved functional capacity, a reduction in disease-related limitations, and the recovery of quality of life. Conclusion: Hospitalizations for pulmonary embolism in Brazil showed significant growth between 2016 and 2025, with the greatest impact observed among the elderly, women, and residents of the Southeast region. These results underscore the importance of epidemiological monitoring to guide prevention strategies, early diagnosis, and appropriate care. In this context, physiotherapy stands out as a fundamental component of the multidisciplinary approach, contributing to functional recovery, the prevention of complications, and improved clinical outcomes for patients affected by pulmonary embolism.