Epidemiological profile of live births with Tetralogy of Fallot in Minas Gerais (2021–2025) and the relationship with physiotherapy

Abstract

Introduction: Tetralogy of Fallot is one of the most common cyanotic congenital heart defects in childhood, posing a significant challenge in clinical, diagnostic, and pediatric care settings. Objective: The profile of children born with Tetralogy of Fallot in Minas Gerais between 2021 and 2025 was described, highlighting the importance of the role of physical therapy in this context. Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted using the Monitoring Panel for Congenital Malformations, Deformities, and Chromosomal Anomalies (covering 2021–2025), with data collection in July 2026 and the application of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: There were 61 live births with Tetralogy of Fallot in Minas Gerais; notable characteristics included maternal age between 30 and 39 years, delivery via Cesarean section, and male sex. Literature describes Tetralogy of Fallot as the most frequent cyanotic congenital heart defect, accounting for approximately 7% to 10% of all congenital heart defects, with an estimated incidence of 3 to 5 cases per 10,000 live births. In this context, physical therapy plays an essential role across all stages of care. During the neonatal and preoperative periods, physical therapy focuses on maintaining respiratory function, preventing pulmonary complications, and clinically preparing the patient for surgery. Postoperative interventions include bronchial hygiene techniques, lung expansion, atelectasis prevention, early mobilization, functional training, and monitoring of the response to exercise, all of which contribute to reduced hospital stays and improved recovery. Conclusion: The results obtained contribute to expanding knowledge regarding the distribution of Tetralogy of Fallot in Minas Gerais and reinforce the need for strategies focused on early diagnosis, timely treatment, and longitudinal follow-up for these individuals. In this context, physical therapy stands out as an indispensable component of the multidisciplinary team, operating from the preoperative period through to postoperative rehabilitation by promoting the maintenance of cardiorespiratory function, the prevention of pulmonary complications, functional recovery, and improvements in physical capacity and quality of life. Thus, integrating physical therapy into specialized care contributes to better clinical outcomes, reduced hospital stays, and optimized recovery for children with Tetralogy of Fallot.