Integration between physical therapy and medicine in the prevention of musculoskeletal complications in hospitalized patients: integrative literature review

Abstract

Introduction: Hospitalization is associated with significant musculoskeletal repercussions, including loss of muscle mass and strength, reduced functional mobility, decline in independence, and increased risk of falls, particularly in patients exposed to prolonged immobilization and intensive care unit stays. These changes result from the interaction between physical inactivity, clinical severity, and metabolic stress responses, requiring an interdisciplinary approach integrating physical therapy, medicine, and preventive care strategies. Objective: Identify the role of integration between physical therapy and medicine in preventing musculoskeletal complications in hospitalized patients, as well as effective interventions, early mobilization protocols, and collaborative care strategies. Methods: This is a descriptive and analytical literature review based on national and international publications retrieved from the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), PubMed, and Scopus databases. Twelve studies published between 2005 and 2025 were included, selected for their relevance to physical therapy interventions aimed at preventing functional decline, acquired muscle weakness, and musculoskeletal complications during hospitalization. Results: Evidence indicates that structured hospital physical therapy programs involving early mobilization, progressive therapeutic exercises, muscle strengthening, functional training, and ambulation significantly reduce the impact of immobilization on musculoskeletal function. Interventions integrated with medical follow-up, including continuous clinical assessment, risk stratification, and safety determination for mobilization, demonstrated lower rates of functional decline, reduced length of hospital stay, and improved post-discharge recovery. Multidisciplinary models and institutional mobility protocols proved to be decisive for intervention effectiveness and patient safety. Conclusion: An interdisciplinary approach between physical therapy and medicine is essential for preventing musculoskeletal complications in hospitalized patients. Individualized, evidence-based protocols prioritizing early mobilization and integrated care promote functional preservation, faster recovery, and improved quality of hospital care. The integration of physical therapy and medicine, within a multidisciplinary care model, is essential for the prevention of musculoskeletal complications in hospitalized patients.