Comparison of hemodynamic responses and perception of effort in upper and lower limb exercise: Protocol of a comparative intervention study

Abstract

Introduction: Resistance exercise prescription requires an understanding of the acute physiological effects associated with cardiovascular overload and perceived exertion. The literature suggests that lower-limb exercises can generate greater hemodynamic demands compared to upper-limb exercises, even when the relative load is equivalent. However, experimental data on this phenomenon in young adults with low levels of physical activity are scarce. Objective: To compare hemodynamic responses and perceived exertion between upper- and lower-limb resistance exercises performed at the same relative intensity. Methods: This is a comparative intervention study with a crossover design involving 38 healthy male volunteers between the ages of 18 and 30. Each participant will perform two resistance exercise protocols: Scott curls (upper limbs) and leg extensions (lower limbs), with three sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of 1RM. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, double product, and subjective exertion scales (Borg and OMNI) will be measured at rest, during, and after exercise. The order of interventions will be randomized. Statistical analysis will be performed using repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc test. Conclusion: The findings of this study may inform clinical and therapeutic decisions regarding the prescription and progression of resistance training, especially in populations with cardiovascular limitations or those new to exercise. Understanding the physiological differences between muscle groups may contribute to individualized rehabilitation and prevention strategies.