Effects of therapeutic interventions on balance and mobility in individuals with visual impairment: An integrative literature review

Abstract

Introduction: Visual impairment can compromise functional independence, spatial orientation, and locomotion, given that maintaining balance relies on the integration of the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems. Reduced visual input can lead to alterations in balance, postural control, and mobility, making physical therapy and rehabilitation interventions relevant to the functionality of this population. Objective: Analyze the available scientific evidence about the effects of therapeutic interventions and rehabilitation strategies on the balance and mobility of individuals with visual impairment. Methods: This is an integrative literature review of a qualitative and descriptive nature. Searches were conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, SciELO, and BVS databases using descriptors and terms related to visual impairment, physical therapy, rehabilitation, exercise, balance, postural control, and mobility. Primary and secondary studies relevant to the guiding question were included. Selection was performed by two independent reviewers based on pre-established eligibility criteria. Of the 58 records initially identified, 7 were included in the final sample, with data collection taking place on September 18, 2026. Results: The 7 studies analyzed covered balance training, sensorimotor, vestibular, and proprioceptive exercises, aerobic exercise, physical activity, and multimodal programs. Overall, the evidence synthesized in the included studies—derived primarily from systematic reviews and meta-analyses—indicated favorable effects on static and dynamic balance, postural control, and certain components of physical function. However, these findings must be interpreted in light of the heterogeneity regarding populations, intervention modalities, assessment tools, and outcomes analyzed across the different reviews; they do not represent a direct, homogeneous synthesis of primary studies. Nevertheless, the results were less consistent regarding functional mobility and fall prevention. Aerobic exercise showed significant improvement in static and dynamic balance in one of the meta-analyses, yet without statistically significant improvement in mobility. The heterogeneity of populations, protocols, and assessment tools limits the generalizability of the results and underscores the need to tailor interventions to the individual. Conclusion: Physical therapy and rehabilitation interventions have the potential to improve balance and specific components of physical function in individuals with visual impairment. However, the evidence is less conclusive regarding the effects on overall mobility and fall prevention. Physical therapy should prioritize individualized assessment and interventions tailored to functional characteristics and the degree of visual impairment; more robust and standardized studies are needed to strengthen the evidence base and guide specific therapeutic protocols.